According to Forbes, Durov has two children with his ex-wife, Daria Bondarenko. Durov met Bondarenko while studying at university; as of 2021, she was living in Barcelona. In 2021, Russian Forbes ranked Durov's children as the sixth-richest heirs in Russia. On 23 July 2024, Irina Bolgar (born 1980), who lives in Switzerland, contacted Forbes and shared documentation showing that she is the mother of three children by Durov; she also provided a family photo with Durov taken in 2020. Forbes confirmed the authenticity of the documents.
In August 2024, Bolgar filed a lawsuit against Durov in Switzerland. She alleged that Durov abused her youngest son five times between 2021 and 2022, and that Durov stopped seeing their children in September 2022. The lawsuit was filed several months after Durov, according to Bolgar, stopped paying her child support of €150,000 per month. A follow-up investigation into Durov's alleged abuse of Bolgar's son was initiated by the Juvenile Office (OFMIN) of the Central Directorate of the Judicial Police of France.
Durov claims to have fathered more than 100 children via sperm donation in 12 countries since 2010.
Durov is a libertarian. He has practiced intermittent fasting and abstains from meat, alcohol, caffeine and recreational drugs. Durov has stated that he maintains an ascetic lifestyle that promotes freedom from personal possessions. At least once, in June 2019, he followed a water-only fasting regimen for at least six days to try to improve his creativity.
In 2012, at the age of 27, Durov published manifestos detailing his ideas on improving Russia and donated $1 million to the Wikimedia Foundation to support Wikipedia.
During the 2011–2013 Russian protests, he refused to censor VK accounts used by anti-Putin activists. Durov said that in 2014, he refused to comply with the FSB request to hand over the personal data of Ukrainian protesters and opposition leaders during Euromaidan, "because it would have meant a betrayal of our Ukrainian users. After that, I was fired from the company I founded and was forced to leave Russia. I lost my company and my home, but would do it again – without hesitation." Durov also refused to relinquish data regarding Alexei Navalny's VK page.
In 2024, Durov said that Telegram should remain a "neutral platform" and not "a player in geopolitics".
In 2025, Durov wired €400,000 to the Foundation for AIDS Research and wants to position himself as a philanthropist.