I have always been interested in the Carthusians. There are both male and female monasteries in the world to this day that have had the same routine for 1000 years.
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THE DAILY LIFE OF A CARTHUSIAN
The life of a medieval Carthusian was very different from that of other monks. In a Carthusian priory, each monk lived alone in a substantial house, called a cell. Each cell was in effect a private monastery, with its own cloister for meditation and a walled garden. At Mount Grace Priory in North Yorkshire – the best-preserved Carthusian monastery in England – there were 25 of these cells.
The Carthusian way of life was strict, but the monks enjoyed a good standard of living. This allowed them to concentrate on their religious life, without worldly cares.
A SOLITARY LIFE
The purpose of Carthusian life was total withdrawal from the world to serve God by personal devotion and privation. While other monks lived communally, Carthusians rarely met one another, passing the long day in the isolation of their cells and surfacing only occasionally.
The monks’ lives were ordered by a strict timetable. They followed the same daily round of eight offices (or prayers) as monks of other religious orders. But uniquely, they only celebrated the night offices and the afternoon office of Vespers together regularly in the church, and Mass less frequently. Otherwise they said their offices and celebrated Mass alone in their cells.
Only on Sundays and feast days was the monastic day different. On these days, the monks dined together, met to discuss business and discipline, and celebrated all offices in the church.
The monks’ hermitic lives account for the unique planning of Carthusian monasteries, or charterhouses. The layout of cells around a great cloister is recorded at the first charterhouse, the Grande Chartreuse in France, and remains unchanged today.
The cells were essentially private monasteries, and they, rather than the church, were the centre of religious life, where the monks spent most of their time, praying, meditating and working.
Documents and the evidence of excavation at Mount Grace Priory show what ‘trades’ the monks followed. One, Sir Thomas Goldwynne, was a weaver, and came from London with his loom and household goods in 1519. Other monks, from the evidence of pens and oyster shells full of coloured pigments, copied and illuminated manuscripts. One was a bookbinder, with tools and book fittings.
Carthusian monks ate together in their refectory (dining room) only on Sundays, feast days and days when monks were buried. They ate their main meal mid-morning, with a second light meal after Vespers. Normally, the lay brothers (domestic servants to the monks) brought food and drink to the monks’ cells, passing them through the hatch beside the door.
The monks fasted regularly and often drank water, which was supplied to each cell by a tap. Good drains and clean drinking water were central to the lives of Carthusians, who, unlike monks of other orders, drank water as well as beer.
In their cells, the monks had all they needed for eating and drinking, including two spoons, two pots, a jug, a bread knife and a salt cellar.
The Carthusians never ate meat. Excavation of the monastic kitchen at Mount Grace has shown that monks ate mostly fish, pulses and eggs, although they could grow vegetables in their gardens.
The monks’ guests were served meat, which was cooked in a separate kitchen, beside the guest house.