A two-dose HIV vaccine generated antibodies against the virus in 35 out of 36 people (97 per cent), with no severe side effects.
The early-stage trial was designed to demonstrate safety and a proof-of-concept for a relatively novel approach to HIV vaccination. It is unclear whether the vaccine protects against HIV. Based on the antibody levels generated by the two-dose regimen, booster doses are expected to be required.
Developing an HIV vaccine is particularly difficult because the virus rapidly mutates into new strains, which somewhat evade immunity.
As a result, many groups of researchers are seeking to develop vaccines that stimulate a type of immune cell called B-cells to generate so-called broadly neutralising antibodies. These work against parts of the HIV virus that vary little between strains. During any viral infection, only a fraction of B-cells that are specific to the virus make broadly neutralising antibodies. When it comes to HIV, incorporating viral proteins into a vaccine may activate this subset of B-cells.
To assess the effectiveness of this approach, Juliana McElrath at the University of Washington in Seattle and her colleagues recruited 48 volunteers without HIV to test a vaccine that stimulates B-cells to make HIV-specific broadly neutralising antibodies, based on laboratory and animal studies.
The vaccine contains part of a protein found on the surface of HIV, called gp120, which helps the virus enter cells.