I just found out how northeast Mississippi, as well as western New York state, became part of the Appalachian Regional Commission, it's ludicrously funny.
"IN 1966, a retired high school principal named George Thompson Pound reached for his Rand McNally atlas. He turned to page six, took a pen, and drew off Appalachia. Starting in West Virginia, he marked along the Blue Ridge Mountains, through the Carolinas, northwest Georgia, and east Alabama.
But Pound kept going. He marked past the clear end of mountainous terrain around Birmingham, Alabama, and passed into North Mississippi—his home. With the stroke of a pen, Pound boldly reimagined geography and race in one of America’s most notorious Jim Crow states. He fused the imaginative work of region-making and mapmaking into a lasting political reality for the land and its people.
Pound made his map for Mississippi’s governor and congressional delegation. These political elites, segregationists like US senators James O. Eastland and John C. Stennis, hoped the federal government would include northeast Mississippi in its new Appalachian Regional Commission (arc), a Great Society program that eventually distributed hundreds of millions of dollars to local governments."
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"During rebuttal, Appalachian Republicans challenged Mississippi’s revisionist geography. Kentucky senator John Sherman Cooper unfurled a topographical map of the Appalachian region from the US Geological Survey. “The Appalachian Region has always been recognized as an area characterized by mountains, high hills, and rugged terrain,” he urged the committee. “The purposes of the Appalachian Redevelopment Act are largely directed to the human consequence of this physical geography.” Cooper’s map showed the Appalachian terrain terminating south of Birmingham, Alabama—well east of the border with Mississippi. Additional counties diluted the arc’s power to redistribute tax dollars to the mountain South, he argued. His objection was entered into the record without comment."
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"Appalachian governors welcomed Mississippi to the fold, but Lyndon Johnson was an unknown. By March 1966, the group resolved to test the president’s commitment to including the Magnolia State. While at the White House for the annual Governors’ Conference, Governor William Scranton of Pennsylvania assembled the other Appalachian governors and approached the president in the Rose Garden. First, Scranton proposed, Congress could include counties in west Alabama and Tennessee—counties originally excluded for lack of mountainous terrain—in order to extend Appalachia to the Mississippi state line. Then, in a quid pro quo, fourteen counties of Western and Central New York would join Appalachia alongside twenty counties from North Mississippi. Lyndon Johnson approved. He left the particulars to the Conference of Appalachian Governors, who met at the Greenbrier resort on December 16, 1966. There, surrounded by ridges of West Virginia’s Allegheny Mountains, the governors welcomed mountainless Mississippi to Appalachia."
The full article is in Southern Cultures, Volume 26, Number 4, Winter 2020, pp. 90-109, "The Making of Appalachian Mississippi" by Justin Randolph