Shorter interview with Dr. Maurice Hilleman, Merck vaccine director.
SHORTER: Tell me, how did you find SV40 (monkey virus) in the polio vaccine?
HILLEMAN: Well, that was a Merck thing. I can tell you very briefly...I came to Merck and I was going to develop vaccines, and we had wild viruses...you remember those wild monkey kidney viruses. And I finally gave up. I said you can't develop vaccines with these damn monkeys....If I can't do something, I'm going to quit.
So Hilleman went to Bill Mann, director of the Washington Zoo, who told him to
HILLEMAN: 'go ahead, get your monkeys out of West Africa. Get the African green. Bring them into Madrid. Unload them there. There are no other traffic through there for animals. Fly them into Philadelphia and pick them up. Or fly them into New York and pick them up right off the airplane.'
HILLEMAN: So, I brought African greens in. I didn't know we were importing AIDS virus at the time. (laughter in the studio)
SHORTER: Why didn't the greens have the wild viruses since they came from Africa?
HILLEMAN: Because they weren't being infected in these group holding things with all these other 40 different viruses.
SHORTER: But they had the ones they brought from the jungle, though?
HILLEMAN: Yeah, they had those, but there were relatively few. What you do is if you have gang housing then you're going to have an epidemic transmission of infection in a confined space....So anyway, the greens came in, and now we had these, and then we're taking our seed stocks to clean them up, and God, now I'm discovering new viruses. So I said, 'Judas Priest!'
Hilleman was asked to give a talk an an international meeting of scientists, so
HILLEMAN: I'm going to talk about the detection of non-detectable viruses...So I thought gee that damn SV40, I mean, I mean that damn ...agent that we have, I'm going to pick that particular one. So I picked it, and quick worked it up, and I thought, boy now, that virus has got to be in the vaccines. And it's got to be in Sabin's vaccine. So I tested it, and sure enough it was in there.
SHORTER: So you just took stocks of Sabin's vaccine off the shelf here at Merck.
HILLEMAN: Yeah it was made at Merck.
SHORTER: You were making it for Sabin at this point?
HILLEMAN: Yeah, it was made before I came.
SHORTER: Yeah, but at this point Sabin was just doing these massive field trials?
HILLEMAN: Uh huh. In Russia and so forth.
HILLEMAN: We had taken this virus and put it into hamsters....So the joke of the day was that we would win the Olympics because the Russians wold be loaded down with tumors.
Hilleman broke the news to Sabin who said,
HILLEMAN: 'This is just another obfuscation that is going to upset vaccines.' I said, 'well, you know, you're absolutely right, but we have a new era here, an era of detection. And the important thing is to get rid of these viruses.'
SHORTER: Well, why did he call it an obfuscation if it was a virus that was contaminating the vaccine?
HILLEMAN: Well now, because there were 40 different viruses in these vaccines anyway that we were inactivating and ah
SHORTER: But you weren't inactivating the...
HILLEMAN: No that's right. But yellow fever vaccine had leukemia virus in it, and you know this is in the days of very crude science. So anyway I went down and talked to him. He said, 'Why are you concerned about it?' I said, I have a feeling down in my bones that this virus is different. I don't know how to tell you this, but I've been around vaccines for a long time and I just think this virus may have some long-term effects.' Sabin asked what kind. I said, 'Cancer.'