How Does Tim Burton Achieve That Blood-Drawn "Pale" Face Look For His Films' Promo Photos?

I'm sure today they do it with computers, but twenty years ago, back around the "Batman Returns" movie, Tim started doing the "white face" thing for all his promotional photos. While they could have been simply airbrushed the faces white, it looks like it was done with a specific lighting technique. It doesn't appear that the actors had their faces' painted white (in person, or in post). It looks like it's a major flash from the camera, a blast of light, perhaps done in a pitch black room. The "Batman Returns" posters were very startling. I'm have no knowledge of photography, and especially photography back in the early 1990s, maybe someone knows the technique that was used. One last thing, there are outtake photos from the "Batman Returns" photo shoot, while the actors don't look "as" white, they still appear to be very pale. Maybe they used light reflective makeup? I'm curious if anyone knows. I'd love to know who the photographer was. I tried to find out, but no luck. FWIW, Burton's photos are just boring now. He overdid the "white face" for far too long, just as he overdid the stitched up look too. It's off-topic, but I just wanted to throw that out there.

http%3A//www.gorgeouspfeiffer.com/images/gallery/movie/92_batman/Batman2.jpg



• Here's an outtake. The flash and whiteness just seems to get brighter and brighter. It does look like a really high-intensity flash, IMO.

  http://img1.bdbphotos.com/images/orig/f/x/fx0gk1abpu6nxfgu.jpg

• A screen cap. Maybe they did paint their faces.

  http://blog.art21.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/catwoman-sewing.jpg

• You can see the natural skin up in the eyebrow area. It looks like kabuki makeup was applied, albeit poorly. If the face was painted in post, surely they would have caught the brow bit.

  http://www.gorgeouspfeiffer.com/images/gallery/movie/92_batman/br_pro5.jpg

• .

• That is Not natural skin by eyebrow. It's a shadow. They use super heavy makeup to draw in features and then overexpose the film which washes out details. Simple trick.

• R5, like white clown makep? It's a cool effect.

• "Over exposure" of the picture is the trick. It not only lighten the skin, it reduces wrinkles and other blemishes.

• That's more than just overexposure though. I remember they had to constantly replace the Catwoman posters because they kept b"getting stolen. It cost the studio plenty. There are people that have the subway sized poster framed and mounted in their upscale homes and apartments. It actually looks pretty chic. It certainly will get a reaction.